Sistemas de esterilización

Mantenimiento de Acuarios

La eliminación de microorganismos patógenos del agua debe ser una prioridad si se pretende mantener una población acuática estable, sobre todo en acuarios con animales sensibles a los tratamientos con medicamentos convencionales. En una instalación acuática esta esterilización del medio se realiza principalmente con dispositivos emisores de rayos ultravioletas (U.V.) o bien mediante la inyección de ozono (O3) en el agua. Los sistemas de esterilización ultravioleta son más recomendables porque resultan más eficaces y sobre todo mucho más seguros que los ozonizadores.La capacidad para destruir parásitos nadadores por la emisión U.V es tan eficaz que resulta el mejor método de esterilización para el agua del acuario

Radiación ultravioleta germicida

Dentro del espectro lumínico podemos encontrar una zona entre los 2.000 a 2.800 angstrom de longitud de onda, limitada por el violeta y el azul del espectro visible, y los rayos X, invisibles, que produce una radiación de efecto altamente germicida. La longitud de onda más eficaz expresada en nanómetros es 250 nm, que se encuentra dentro del rango de emisión U.V de un fluorescente U.V. germicida comercial (100 a 280 nm).

Este tipo de radiación se denomina radiación UVC

Eliminación de microorganismos:

Los rayos de luz ultravioleta UVC destruyen con gran eficacia una gran variedad de microorganismos que nadan libres en el agua del acuario. Estos pequeños seres son eliminados debido al efecto destructivo que ejerce esta radiación sobre las moléculas del ácido nucleico celular. La degradación del núcleo de la célula produce la muerte instantanea del organismo.

La casi totalidad de los microorganismos que sufren una exposición directa de radiación UVC son destruidos. Principalmente, son eliminados del agua del acuario las bacterias, virus, esporas de hongos, algas libres y protozoos con fase nadadora (como pueden ser los dinoflagelados Oodinium y Cryptocarion).

Dosis eficaz:

La forma más fácil de entender la eficacia de una fuente de emisión UVC es multiplicando la potencia por el tiempo de exposición a la radiación. También habrá que tener en cuenta que el tamaño del microorganismo es determinante para la intensidad de la radiación. Y por último, su resistencia específica fruto de los mecanismos de adaptación de que disponga.

Con una emisión de 254 nm, los parásitos nadadores mayores serán eliminados a una dosis equivalente de 1 vatio por segundo. La décima parte de esta radiación será necesaria para destruir protozoos pequeños y esporas de hongos resistentes. Si dividimos entre 70 esta emisión será suficiente para eliminar esporas normales y bacterias, y entre 300 para los virus. Con estos cálculos aproximados se puede estimar el caudal, la potencia y la velocidad del flujo de agua que se necesita para nuestro sistema de esterilización UVC.

Gracias a Jesus Garrido por el aporte de este proyecto

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